What is the primary purpose of a runway at an airport?

The primary purpose of a runway at an airport is specifically designed for the takeoff and landing of aircraft. A runway provides the necessary length and surface conditions that allow airplanes to accelerate to the required speed for takeoff and to decelerate safely when landing. The design and construction of runways take into account various factors such as aircraft size, weight, speed, and environmental conditions to ensure that they can support the safe operation of these crucial phases of flight.

In contrast, while monitoring aircraft movement is vital for air traffic control and safety, it does not relate to the physical function or purpose of a runway. Maintenance of aircraft takes place in dedicated facilities, such as hangars or maintenance hangars, not on the runway itself. Similarly, while airport operations encompass a wide range of activities, including passenger services and baggage handling, they are managed in separate areas and do not pertain directly to the runway's primary function. Thus, focusing on the takeoff and landing capability underscores the central role of runways in airport operations.